The Hazards Of Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Hazards Of Smoking - Essay Example   The cigarette has been part of man kind's evolutionary journey for a long while now. In the present day, it holds an entire industry in form of tobacco industry. Established cartels, business enterprises, firms, stake holders, suppliers, and investors are associated with this business.   National, international and multinational operational operations are conducted and across the continent exchange of cigarette products is performed.   Governments issue proper licenses for its promotions, it's selling, its usage for trade and other purposes. A large amount of investment alone in the field of advertisement of tobacco and cigarette is done and every local media in different parts of the world have been enrolled into it. Hence it is a menace that has spread its web firm and strong and has become an integral part of every society and mainly the male members of respective societies.  The path forward:  Having mentioned its vastly spread network, a vigorous policy must be devis ed to ensure that the menace can be eradicated and controlled in a contained manner in order to protect the precious lives from it.   The alarming fact about it is the point that it induces its impact into others through passive smoking and inhaling. It is being said that through the passive smoking, the people in the vicinity are nearly or equally prone to the threat of its dangers. Smoking, in general, is a very dangerous thing and poses threats to health and the human body in many forms.

Motivation Aspects to Job Selection

Motivation Aspects to Job Selection Motivation is derived from the latin word â€Å"movere† which means to move. Motivation is the process of moving from ones needs to drives and finally to incentives. Needs are identified because of a deficiency which may be physiological or psychological. Drives activate the behaviour for fulfilling the needs that were identified above. The behaviour which is performed because of drives cause results in a reward or an incentive which may be tangible or intangible. This report is about selecting a job that will motivate us and explaining the same using various motivation theories. We deliberated on the kind of jobs that would motivate us and came to the conclusion that we would wish to be management consultants in a reputed consultancy firm. After looking for vacancies in various job portals and company websites we came to the conclusion that joining Mckinsey and Company would be the best.The details of the job description and the company overview is discussed below. Job Description Junior Associate – McKinsey Company â€Å"As a consultant, you will join teams working with the top management of corporations on critical issues, identifying business opportunities, generating and evaluating solutions, and developing result-oriented change programs. You will also have the opportunity to contribute to the development of state-of-the-art management concepts and practices.† McKinsey Company is a global management consulting firm which started in the year 1926. It is one of the most trusted advisors to the worlds leading businesses, governments and institutions. One of the golden rules that Mckinsey follows is below which is beneficial to both employees as well as clients â€Å"We work with our clients as we do with our colleagues. We build their capabilities and leadership skills at every level and every opportunity. We do this to help build internal support, get to real issues, and reach practical recommendations. We bring out the capabilities of clients to fully participate in the process and lead the on-going work.† Motivation theory – Equity Model This cognitively based model is on the calculation of outputs received by an individual and the amount of input that he/she has put in to get the outputs. The inputs and outputs might be perceived differently by different individuals and hence it is measured relative between individuals. Age, sex, education, social status, organisational position, qualifications and how hard the person works are examples of perceived input variables. Outcomes consist primarily of rewards such as pay, status, promotion and intrinsic interest. Schematically this is represented in the 3 possible scenarios. If the perceived ratio is not equal to the others, he or she will strive to restore the ratio to equity. This striving to restore equity is used as the explanation of work motivation. The person may alter the inputs or outcomes, cognitively distort the inputs or outputs according to his or her scale. Maslow’s Needs Hierarchy and Theory of Motivation The Maslow’s model is one of the classic content theoretical models that explained motivational needs as a hierarchy. To simplify, he believed that once a given level of need is satisfied, it no longer serves to motivate. The next level of need has to be activated, which results in the motivation of an individual. The various levels of Maslow’s need can be understood by the below diagram with reference to a job or career. The job application that we are referring to is catering to the physiological and safety/security concerns that are required. The pay is quite high even at the entry levels with a base package of 20 lakhs p.a. with additional variable salary components that amount to 6 to 8 lakhs more. The next level i.e. the social level has been considered as an important aspect in the work culture of Mckinsey wherein they follow a collaborative approach. The associates work in small groups of 3 to 5 which consists of business analysts, associates and partners. The organisation is flat with few hierarchical levels and hence it makes easy for a person to approach others and get help in case of any issues. Our understanding of different industries and functions will grow exponentially as the teammates share their expertise. Well receive coaching and feedback throughout the engagement. In fact, consultants often find life-long mentors—and friendships—in their senior colleagues. The 3 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy are something which is readily satisfied by the job and the organisation. Hence focusing on the next level is the Esteem. Self Esteem as well as respect from others is an important aspect that needs to be addressed. Taking this job would provide us and opportunity to grow in the organisation. This is evident from the fact that Mckinsey recognises the performance of the individual and promotes them as seen in various posts from associates in forums. Formal performance reviews happen at the end of every project and associates with good analytical and people skills move up the ladder. The â€Å"Up or Out† approach makes sure that the performing people deserve to go to the top, right to the level of a CEO. Self-actualisation is indeed the most important aspect of this hierarchy where the professional tends to move towards satisfaction in life, both professional and personal. To cater to this need, Mckinsey creates a conducive environment where we will get many opportunities as described below. â€Å"Our private-sector work will put you at the center of the transformative forces sweeping business. We work in just about every industry and functional area you can imagine, with engagements that range from creating entirely new businesses, to leveraging leading-edge technologies, to reinventing manufacturing, to advising companies on the future of media and social sharing. Our public-sector and social-impact work is global in nature. We advise many of the worlds governments and NGOs on everything from re-imagining the delivery of education and the healthcare services to creating centers of local entrepreneurship.† Apart from professional aspirations, there is a scope of people for pursuing their passions such as singing, travelling and other personal wishes by opting for a programme known as the TIME-UP programme. The highlights of the programme are â€Å"Our â€Å"Take Time† program allows consultants to take time off between engagements to pursue personal interests and passions, whether that includes spending time with family or going on a dream trip. This â€Å"on and off† model allows consultants additional time to recharge without disrupting client work.† Making a difference in the world is a deep motivation. Porter Lawler Model Porter and Lawler suggested that motivation does not equal satisfaction or performance but they are all separate entities. They say that effort does not lead directly to performance but is directed by abilities, traits and by role perceptions. The rewards that follow and how they are perceived will determine satisfaction. Unlike the content theory, here performance leads to satisfaction. In lieu of the above theory, Mckinsey is cutting back their financial-incentive programs, but have used other ways of inspiring talent. The understand how to make their employees perform better and hence get satisfaction. Analogous to Porter-Lawler’s model we have:- Opportunity to perform- Mckinsey provides ample opportunities to its employees in order to enhance performance a chance to lead projects or task forces. Abilities Traits- As a company Mckinsey believes in its employees’ abilities and delegates work as per their abilities. Their belief helps the people to understand their potential and work towards better and better performance. Role Perceptions—Managers set expectations for the employees under them to perform better with specific roles. Effort Level and Direction of Effort- Praise from immediate managers for their work is found to be an effective way to boost the morale of the people. The employees are guided towards a direction so that their own effort is rightly appreciated and is fruitful for the company Self-Efficacy- Inculcating a strong sense of self-efficacy among the people helps them to develop deeper interest in the activities they perform. By Leadership attention-Managers go on one-on –one meeting with their team members to help them develop the desire to perform and produce a desired effect. Effort-Reward Probabilities- Team members are rewarded as per their performance. As budding managers this study helps us to realise that we need to inculcate the culture of performance driven satisfaction among our peers and subordinates. It is important for us, as managers, that we have belief in our team members and motivate them to perform better which will help us and them to gain satisfaction.

Essay --

Kassidy Hause CWL 320-06, Fall 2013 Dr. Talar Chahinian Final Paper 12-10-13 Ways of Dying, Violence, Fantasy & Comedy Zakes Mda was born in 1948 in Herschel, South Africa and is known for being a novelist, poet, activist, playwright and cultural theorist. Ways of Dying by Zakes Mda is a novel from western form. Literature that was written by Black South African writers between the 1948 and 1994 really captures the oppression and tragic violence that characterized the lives of Blacks under the apartheid. The apartheid or â€Å"apartness† as some Afrikaans call it, describes a system of laws and policies of complete and total racial segregation in South Africa that began in 1948 when the national party came to power. The apartheid did not end until 1994 when Nelson Mandela was elected president in the first democratic elections. The horrific deaths that are portrayed throughout Zake Mda’s novel Ways of Dying, were all true ways of dying that Zakes Mda, saw himself, read about in the newspaper or read when he was doing research. The very true deaths that he portrays in the novel really p aint a picture of the structural and political violence that was going on in South Africa during the apartheid. This violence and oppression really creates a tragic background for the novel however, Zakes Mda challenges the norm of violence and finds a way to portray it as something somewhat idiotic, which in turn makes Ways of Dying quite comical. He also combines fantasy and magic to the novel, which emulates all the spectacular and wonderful parts of South African beliefs and traditions. Zakes unique way of combining the depiction of how ridiculous it is that death has become so normalized in South Africa and magic and fantasy makes Ways of Dying an ... ... Magic and fantasy is also a central theme for this book because magic gives a sense of hope and belief in people and a strength that people never knew they had. The biggest example is the garden, a magic garden of beauty that still stands among all the horrible things that Toloki and Noria are living in. The garden gives them hope that magic and beauty still exist in the world. In this part of the novel the readers are laughing and smiling because they feel hope and happiness and sense of magic that they are going to get through their issues and be okay. Ways of Dying is a spectacular novel by Zakes Mda, written during the apartheid era, which was a horrific time for South Africans who were abused and murdered by their corrupt government. Zakes Mda was able to provide a sense of history, comedy and hope all into one novel and that any reader would enjoy to read.

Theory of Absolute Advantage

â€Å"If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, [we had] better buy it of them with some part of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage.†-Adam Smith (WN, IV.ii.12)This means that a nation produces and exports those commodities which it can produce more cheaply than other nations, and imports those which it cannot. A nation will not produce a good that is produced more expensively at home than abroad –be it â€Å"a thirtieth, or even a three hundredth part more† (WN, IV.ii.15) In economics, absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade, using labor as the only input. Since absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productivities, it is possible for a party to have no absolute advantage in anything; in that case, according to the theory of absolute advantage, no trade will occur with the other party. It can be contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage which refers to the ability to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost.Origin of the theoryDuring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the dominant economic philosophy was mercantilism, which advocated severe restrictions on import and aggressive efforts to increase export. The resulting export surplus was supposed to enrich the nation through the inflow of precious metals. Adam Smith (1776), who regarded as the father of modern economics, countered mercantilist ideas in his famous book, The Wealth of Nations, by developing the concept of absolute advantage.He argued that it was impossible for all nations to become rich simultaneously by following mercantilist prescriptions because the export of one nation is another nation’s impor t. However, all nations would gain simultaneously if they practiced free trade and specialized in accordance with their absolute advantage. This international specialization of factors in production would produce increase  in world output. The theory of absolute advantage itself is normally presented with an example of two countries and two commodities (2Ãâ€"2 model). Each nation can produce one good with less expenditure of human labor than the other and thus more cheaply. As a result, each nation has an absolute advantage in the production of one good. ExampleConsider the table below, which shows that Nation A has an absolute advantage over Nation B in terms of producing sugar, while Nation B has an absolute advantage over Nation A in producing rice. If Nation A will concentrate in the production of sugar and Nation B will focus on the production of rice, the combined production of rice and sugar of both countries would be greater, and these two countries would share in this in crease from exchange, and both will benefit from the higher output of both commodities.If both nations start trading with each other, each nation will specialize in the production of the good it has an absolute advantage in and obtain the other commodity through international trade. More units of both commodities can be produced overall because the given resources are utilized more efficiently. Through trade, both nations are able to consume more units of at least one commodity. In our example above, Nation A would specialize completely in sugar and Nation B in rice.There are no further gains from international trade beside this one-off increase in the overall production and thus consumption. Nothing more happens. Though Smith successfully established the case for free trade, he did not develop the concept of  comparative advantage. Because absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productivities, it is possible for a nation to have absolute advantage in not hing. Smith stressed the importance of division of laborSmith’s thoughts on the division of labor constitute the basis for his theory. For him, it is the division of labor that leads to â€Å"the greatest improvement in the productive powers of labor† (WN, I.i.1). As a result of a more advanced division of labor, more output can be produced with the same amount of labor. The division of labor leads to quantitative and qualitative production improvements. This means that output is increased, technological development is stimulated, and workers’ skills and productivity are enhanced. As a result, economic growth is promoted and national wealth increases. This can be summarized as â€Å"the more specialization, the more growth† (Staley 1989, 43)Criticisms on Smith’s theorySubsequent economists did not pay attention to Smith’s theory of absolute advantage. In general, it is not seen as relevant because of the predominance of the theory of compara tive advantage, which â€Å"has been the bedrock on which all subsequent developments in the theory of international trade have rested† (Maneschi 1998, 10). As a result, Smith’s theory was barely noticed and not developed any further. Nonetheless, many of today’s textbooks deal briefly with the theory of absolute advantage, which is ascribed to Smith. They portray Smith’s theory as â€Å"a stepping-stone to a more sophisticated theory† (Staley 1989, 52), namely the theory of comparative advantage that is attributed to David Ricardo.The presentation of Smith’s international trade theory in textbooks is essentially standardized and does not vary significantly. Textbooks emphasize that the theory of absolute advantage â€Å"can explain only a small part of world trade† (Salvatore 2011, 37). Thus, it is seen as a special case of the theory of comparative advantage and both theories are seen as complementary (Dieckheuer 2001, 50). Smith is often criticized for not being able to come up with the more sophisticated theory of comparative advantage (Zhang 2008, 3). In comparison to Ricardo, Smith is described as a â€Å"poor trade theorist† and his theory as a â€Å"naà ¯ve theory† (Mehmet, 1999, 47).

Georgiana Cavendish background

During the 18th century, gender roles in England were resonated against high levels of chastity, compliance, delicacy as well as modesty that defined a truly virtuous female. It was believed that the greatest female achievement lay in total obedience and not in intellectual pursuits. This was mostly contributed by the nature and delineation of power that was largely vested in men during this period and earlier on. However, this was very wrong as women could contribute positively to the societal development. It was also wrong as it disregarded their integrity and underestimated their capacity to effectively participate to important decisions.Besides, they formed a key pillar in the development and growth of the children in the society which demanded high level wisdom and clear wits. This book gives a clear outlay of the gender roles in England during the 18th century in the highly autocratic setting system. With reference to Georgiana Cavendish there is a clear outlook of how the soci ety started to defy the widely defined and accepted norms for the women in the society. This report gives the changing realities during this period and acted as a major pillar that would define later considerations of both genders in the society.A clear comparison of that moment and present day women's roles in the society is given with a view of outlining proper recommendations that should be used in determining the roles for both genders. Georgiana Cavendish background. Georgiana Cavendish was born of John Spencer in 1757 and married to the 5th Duke of Devonshire at the age of 17 years. However, lovers had started admiring her at an early age of 11 years but resisted from getting married by her parents. She was a celebrated beauty and an active political campaigner in the country (Brian, 11-17).To add to that, she liked gambling and was involved in sexual promiscuity later in her marital life. The author portrays her as a totally defiant icon that defied the odds of major societal expectations of the time. Societal expectations of Georgiana and other women in aristocratic England. Brian (12-16) indicates that women in England were less regarded and required to take a low profile on major issues like political and family matters. Georgiana was therefore expected to be obedient and submissive to her husband from the time of marriage throughout their lives.All the women in England were required to take care of their husbands and follow their demands in terms of their physical and sexual desires. Therefore, they were expected to remain in their homes to serve their husbands and children. Being the wife of a Duke, of great importance from her was to bear children for her husband and the monarch. The author insists that the wife specifically supposed to bear sons who would later be heirs of the monarch to continue the autocratic regime. With women's position and roles being at the home setting, they were not supposed to be involved in active politics of the countr y.During this period, women’s suffrage was unheard of and it was required that they remained silent with their main contribution being to give the Duke an heir of the system. To add to that, the society expected them to remain faithful to their husbands at all times. This was strongly emphasized for Georgiana as she was expected to set the pace for other women to emulate in their lives and depict the king’s pride. Challenges by Georgiana to these conventions. As the book continues to unfold, it is clear that Georgiana challenged majority of these society demands strongly and with great courage.Though success was not immediate, the challenges acted as main center points in liberation of women in the entire England and other regions during the subsequent years. To begin with, the author puts it very clear that Georgiana was a strong political campaigner and was always found in gatherings of political an literally figures. Prior to 1784 general elections she campaigned fo r the Whigs particularly Charles James Fox. Major icons emerged later in the country's leadership improving the involvement of women in core decision making processes (Brian, 51-56).Most remarkable was Britain first prime minister and the leader of conservative party Margaret Thatcher. Unlike the societal expectations, Georgiana never brought happiness to the Duke of Devonshire. The marriage was an unhappy one with high levels of temperaments. Making it even more sorrowful to the people in the society and the Duke himself, in their initial years she never bore any children as she was rocked by vast miscarriages. Later, when she managed to give birth, she bore girls until the much awaited third born son. Besides, she introduced her husband to a mistress who was her friend leading to later marriage to her as a second wife.This was a major challenge as women were expected to strongly insulate the monarch from external genes that would interfere with the overall ‘integrity' of the ruling family. Openly defying major demands in the monarch and the society, Georgiana was promiscuous and had an affair with Charles Grey with whom she had a daughter. She was also reported to have traded kisses for votes during the 1784 general elections. To add to that, Georgiana was never home tied like other women as she went out to meet with other people of different classes.She was always involved in major places that women were prohibited from getting to. Being addicted to gabling, the book indicates that she died with major debts despite being from a very rich background. Mistresses and involvement of women in major activities that brought them out to meet with others later increased drastically in the whole country with open and hidden affairs characterizing majority of the young people and married couples. Conclusion. Women roles in England during late 18th century were highly oppressive and segregative in the aristocratically defined England.As indicated by the book, bre aking these considerations was hard and required courage as well as major sacrifice. As depicted by Georgiana Duchess, women were strongly valued for their fertility that was largely used by their ruling husbands as a major source of pride due to guaranteed heredity and therefore increased ability to sustain the monarch in their lineages. Though her defiance was met with resistance, it formed a clear icon that marked later liberation for the women in their social-political and economic delineations in all dimensions.With the current women contribution in the society being of vital essence it is clear that this oppression was a deterrent to fast growth and development in the region during that period. Women roles should therefore be fully appreciated and their participation is equal to those of men as they are equally capable of initiating and contributing to societal growth. Reference list. Brian, M. (1981). Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire: Duchess of Devonshire. London: Routledge.

Free Essays on Theme Of Oedipus The King

between the messenger and Oedipus is â€Å"deadly... Free Essays on Theme Of Oedipus The King Free Essays on Theme Of Oedipus The King Introducing a Theme of Oedipus the King Hugh H. Paschal states, â€Å" Idea is often equated to theme, the central meaning of a literary work† (67). Important ideas in literature might be found in several persuasive areas such as â€Å" the arts, the environment, politics and government, religion and morality.† (Paschal 67). A literary work can present more than one of these ideas. For example, in Sophocles’ Oedipus the King he conveys the idea that truth is sometimes better undiscovered. Sophocles illustrates this idea in several dialogues between characters. The first illustration is the dialogue between Tiresias the prophet and Oedipus. Then there is the discourse between the messenger and Oedipus. Finally, the dialogue between Jocasta and Oedipus proves that some secrets should stay unexplored. Sophocles uses dialogue between Oedipus and the three distinct characters to present the idea that the hidden truth should sometimes stay concealed. The first dialogue is an illustration of an idea was placed in the dialogue between Oedipus the King and Tiresias, the Prophet. â€Å"Whether the words of characters support or oppose the author’s own view, they still may address the work’s ideas† (Paschal 72). Oedipus the King calls for Tiresias, this beckoning of him was to help release Thebes from the plague, but he states â€Å"I will never reveal my dreadful secret† (Sophocles 1234). At this point Oedipus makes the first mistake; he forces Tiresias to tell him who is the cause of the ruin of Thebes. Oedipus finds out in his extreme state of anger that he is the one thought so badly of, the killer of Laius. He does not realize that this was the start of all the secrets that should have been kept concealed. Sophocles successfully shows that these secrets should have been and in many ways where tried to be kept concealed from Oedipus. In the second exchange of words between the messenger and Oedipus is â€Å"deadly...

Writing Poetry-Assignment One Essays

Writing Poetry-Assignment One Essays Writing Poetry-Assignment One Essay Writing Poetry-Assignment One Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Writing Poetry-Assignment One List 1 bowl camping on the lakeside 2 tents 2 slices of peanut butter and jelly sandwiches 1 glass of fresh fruit juice 1 cup dried peanuts 2 cups hidden treasure -cup dry firewood 2/3 tsp fishing 1 boat I plate hide and seek I bucket laughter Grill 2 cups wild berries Poem For the appetizer, enjoy the 2 cups of wild berries, Swallow with a gulp of the fresh juice then prepare the main meal Put the tents in a dry bowl and add in the boat Put in the fishing and half a bucket of laughter Light the fire and place the mixture on a grill Turn the mixture over until golden brown Remove from grill and serve in a tray of happiness Enjoy the meal with ? a bucket of laughter Add in the peanut butter and jelly sandwiches For the dessert Sift through hide and seek, and mix together with the dry peanuts Blend in the hidden treasure until they are thoroughly mixed Put in a bowl full of joy and Enjoy the mixture Have a good night sleep as the sounds of nature sing a lullaby There you have it-camping on the lakeside